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Publications & Reports

This collection brings together work based on the Millennium Institute's models: the iSD model and its predecessor, Threshold 21 (T21). It includes reports and papers by the Millennium Institute and its partners, as well as research by universities, institutions and independent researchers who have applied these models in their own work.​

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The collection spans three decades of work, from the first T21 applications in the 1990s to current analyses of the Sustainable Development Goals, climate policy and green transitions in more than 40 countries. Use the filters to browse by type, country or region, focus area and year.

Journal Article

Exploring Interactions and Progress of Sustainable Development Goals in China across Multiple Scenarios with a System Dynamics Model

Builds an iSDG-based model of SDG interactions for China to explore national progress on the goals.

2026

China

Sustainable Development, Policy Analysis

Journal Article

Modelling Degrowth Policies with System Dynamics: Towards Policy Coherence

Using the iSDG-Sweden model, this study evaluates degrowth policies in Sweden from 2026–2050. Results show that policies only work effectively when implemented together, combining reduced high-impact production, shorter working hours, and wealth redistribution. This package lowers environmental pressures while reducing poverty, inequality, and unemployment. While financially viable in the short term, long-term debt risks suggest deeper structural reforms may still be needed.

2026

Sweden

Economy, Sustainable Development, Environmental Policy, Poverty & Inequality

Journal Article

Identifying Robust Policy Portfolios for Advancing the SDGs in China: An Integrated MADM Approach

Couples the iSDG-China model with multi-criteria decision methods to identify policy portfolios that robustly advance China's SDGs.

2026

China

Sustainable Development, Policy Analysis

Report

Assessment of Development Scenarios to Reach Net-Zero by Mid-Century: A System Dynamics Modelling Approach for South Africa

South Africa's net-zero transition is best pursued as an integrated developmental shift rather than a narrow decarbonisation exercise. Using the iSD system dynamics model, the report shows a holistic, multi-sector scenario outperforms the baseline—boosting GDP, cutting emissions and poverty, and improving access to electricity, water and nutrition, with electricity the key enabling system. However, persistently high inequality and incomplete decoupling of growth from consumption mean it is not yet a fully just transition, requiring stronger distributive and circular-economy measures.

2026

South Africa

Sustainable Development, Climate Change, Energy, Economy

Report

SDG for All: Africa

A research from Earth4All, utilizing the Millennium Institute iSD Model, shows the policy levers needed to ensure that the SDGs are met in Sub-Saharan Africa by 2100. The report ‘SDGs for All: Africa’ equips policymakers with practical solutions designed to accelerate SDG implementation and to respond to the planetary emergency. It concludes that policymakers can step up the implementation of the SDGs by 2030 and beyond and achieve wellbeing for all. But this is only possible by enacting five ‘extraordinary turnarounds’ that break with current trends.

2025

Africa

Sustainable Development, Policy Analysis, Poverty & Inequality, Economy

Journal Article

The Interaction Mechanism of Multi-SDG Synergy on SDG 14 in the Context of Land-Sea Coordination: A Multi-Scale Analysis

Simulates how synergies among several SDGs influence progress on SDG 14 (life below water).

2025

China

Environmental Policy, Sustainable Development

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1995
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2026
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